Dedicated Hardware for Complex Mathematical Operations

New hardware FPGA implementations for the efficient computations of division, natural logarithm and exponential function are proposed. The proposed implementations use generic floating-point adder and multiplier with small additional resources that are shared to compute more frequently used multiply and accumulate operations. Hardware sharing improved the resource utilization. The time of the computation has been reduced to only 6 clock cycles when the natural logarithm and exponential function are calculated. The division is calculated in 5 clock cycles. They are designed as technology independent high throughput computing cores with minimized memory requirements which can be used in higher numbers to significantly increased calculation speed in spectral processing. A new universal arithmetic floating-point unit is also proposed

Groundwater Vulnerability of the Karst - Fissure Hydrogeological Structure of South – Facing Slopes of the Nízke Tatry Mts., Slovakia

An “intrinsic vulnerability” (according to Zwahlen et al., 2004) to any contamination in general is considered using Malík´s extension (2005) of the Kullman´s method (2000), based on the assessment of the degree the rock disruption and karstification, affecting the shape of spring discharge recession curves. It is based on the presumption that the intensity of natural contamination attenuation processes depends on rock disruption/karstification. The method is applied on the Mesozoic rock environment of the most important hydrogeological structure in the southern slopes of the Nízke Tatry Mountains. Hydrograph analyses of groundwater depletion in the gauged or exploited springs were used for assessment of groundwater vulnerability to human and/or natural pollution. Differences in character of individual depletion hydrographs enable assessment an extent of absorption and elimination processes during the groundwater penetration through the rock environment from the infiltration area to the outflow in the spring or exploited source. The depletion hydrographs reflect not only the character (effect) of outflow area but reflect the effects whole infiltration and accumulation area. In total, 68 individual recession curves from 9 gauged springs were analysed. Obtained degrees of groundwater vulnerability are evaluated by 10 degree range of the Kullman´s vulnerability scheme, adjusted by Malík. The reached vulnerability values are consequently applied and assigned to the lithological types of discharge area of gauged springs. This study also describes an existence of individual laminar and turbulent sub-regimes that occur in the karts-fissure rock environment, the type of rock disruption from open micro– to macro fissures - to karst channels and subsequent estimation of the karstification degree

Oxygen Isotopes in Different Recession Subregimes of Karst Springs in the Brezovské Karpaty Mts. (Slovakia)

Karst spring hydrograph separation method based on quick iterative solution of several simple exponential and linear equations, was developed for linking small datasets of sam­ples to various hydrologic situations. The method is based on a presumption, that a spring’s discharge depends on the level of aquifer saturation by groundwater, and that the same dis­charge reflects the same groundwater saturation (piezometric level) in the aquifer. Every spring can be described by unique sets of constant starting discharges, Q0 values, recession coef­ficients α (laminar flow components in exponential equations), and β (turbulent flow components in linear equations). Eachsubregime can be detected by recession curve analyses of the complete spring’s discharge time series. In this hydrographseparation, every measured discharge value, Qt, is then deter­mined by a representative time, t; i.e., theoretical elapsed time t from the total maximum discharge value Qmax. The aim of the iteration process is to obtain this representative time t for eachdischarge. The individual flow components are calculated us­ing the same t value. These variances in subregime discharges in a certain moment can be linked to the components analysed in the same moment, in order to obtain the end members of the theoretical mixture. This technique was developed and ap­plied on the discharge time series of the four karstic springs in the Brezovské Karpaty Mts. (Slovakia), built mainly by karsti­fied Middle and Upper Triassic dolomites and limestones. Groundwater of individual springs were characterised by δ18O (SMOW) and groundwater temperature values and end mem­bers of two laminar and one turbulent subregimes were calcu­lated. Results were based on sparsely populated datasets and manual discharge records, but represent a perspective method for future development and interpretations on limited dataset results

Hydraulic Properties of Carbonate Rocks from Slovakian Borehole Database

Using archival hard copy records on 22,922 wells and hy­drogeological boreholes, maintained since 1950's on the ter­ritory of Slovak Republic, a spatial database was developed. If possible, each borehole was linked to a certain aquifer or aquifer lithological type, according to its screened inter­val. Wells with ambiguous position of open casing were ex­cluded from further processing to obtain distinct relation of pumping rate to lithology. Using stored records of hydraulic tests, eachpumping rate was processed to obtain uniformly calculated “standard” specific capacity. These values were subsequently used to re-interpret hydraulic parameters. Based on standardized specific capacity data, estimates of transmissivity (T; in m2∙s-1) and hydraulic conductivity (K; in m∙s-1) for eachwell were calculated and linked to corre­sponding aquifer type. From these, hydraulic properties of limestones (238 boreholes), dolomites (463 boreholes) and granitoid rocks (96 boreholes) are compared. As anticipat­ed, geometrical mean of transmissivity was low for grani­toids (6.51∙10-5 m2∙s-1) and in one order of magnitude higher for limestones (6.16∙10-4 m2∙s-1), due to its enhancement by karstification. The highest observed value of mean transmis­sivity, two times higher than that found for limestones, was obtained for dolomitic aquifers (1.04∙10-3 m2∙s-1). Dolomitic aquifers also show the highest median values of hydraulic conductivity (3.21∙10-5 m∙s-1), in one order of magnitude higher than granitoids (2.10∙10-6 m∙s-1) and three times higher than limestones (9.45∙10-6 m∙s-1). In comparison with limestones, dolomites seem to be slightly more homogene­ous in aquifer properties; also several lithological types there show similarities in both T and K. Some limestone lithofacies (Steinalm and Raming), seem to have lower transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity comparing to other limestones types (Dachstein, Gutenstein, Wetterstein). The data on hy­draulic properties of all these hard rocks show lognormal statistical distribution and high heterogeneity

Assessment of regional flow type and groundwater sensitivity to pollution using hydrograph analyses and hydrochemical data of the Selita and Blue Eye karst springs, Albania

The assessment of groundwater vulnerability/sensitivity to pollution in karstic aquifers usually concentrates on recognition of fast-flow (conduit flow) and slow-flow (diffuse flow) components or intermediate regimes and their ratio in the total discharged volume. Analysis of master recession curves and correlation between physical characteristics of springs and temporal variations in spring water chemistry were applied to two major karst springs of Albania: Selita Spring (mean discharge 510 L s−1), exploited for Tirana water supply, and Blue Eye Spring (mean discharge 18,182 L s−1), used for electric power generation. These springs are recharged by precipitation in two very different karst areas with respect to their karstification degree, which influences also groundwater circulation patterns within karstic aquifers. Different regional groundwater flow types are subsequently reflected in the different spring hydrographs and in the temporal hydrochemical variations. Based on the spring master recession curves, Selita Spring is characterised as a conduit spring where the fast-flow component represents the majority of groundwater flow, and its catchment area should be linked with a high degree of sensitivity to pollution. On the other hand, in the discharge regime of Blue Eye Spring, the slow-flow component dominates, and although having a discharge of one order of magnitude bigger, this is a diffuse-flow spring and its catchment area should have lower sensitivity to potential pollution. The same results were also confirmed by statistical treatment of the temporal variations in spring water chemistry and evidence of surface karst phenomena in their recharge areas

Stupeň skrasovatenia horninového prostredia severného okraja Silickej planiny na základe analýzy výtokových čiar

Silická Plateau Middle Triassic carbonates are drained on the northern rim in the Slovak Karst by three karstic springs SE of Krásnohorská Dlhá Lúka municipality. These three springs were previously gauged by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute; and named; Buzgó (catalogue No. 1862), Under the quarry (No. 1861) and Under the chapel (No. 1863). Groundwater drainage is from the narrow 800 m limestone block sloping to the Čremošná Brook level; while neighboring slopes are impermeable Lower Triassic shales. The Krásnohorská Cave developed here and drains its underground stream into the Buzgó karst spring. The degree of rock karstification and the groundwater sensitivity to potential contamination were derived by recession curve analysis of the Buzgó and Pod kamenelomom springs. Turbulent flow components (sub-regimes) provide the main mechanism of groundwater runoff; with laminar flow components mathematically described by exponential equations and linked to groundwater circulation in phreatic zone fissures being less significant. This overall groundwater runoff dominance by turbulent flow components is typical of strongly developed karst with large open tectonic faults and karst channels, and it is responsible for high groundwater sensitivity to potential contamination in the limestone aquifer

Evaluation of the risk of diffuse pollution of groundwater by nitrogen substances from agricultural land use as background for allocation of effective measures

The risk of diffuse pollution of groundwater by nitrogen substances from agricultural land is perceived as a result of the interaction of groundwater vulnerability (determined by the characteristics of the environment overlying groundwater in relation to water transport or soil solution) and loading of overlying environment by nitrogen. Index of groundwater vulnerability was assessed on the basis of four parameters, namely, the amount of effective rainfall in the period from October to March, the capacity of soil to accumulate water, the average depth of the groundwater table and the permeability of the rock environment. Assessment of the index of loading of overlying environment by nitrogen was based on two parameters, namely, nitrogen balance and crop cover on agricultural land in the winter half on districts level in 2012, which corresponds with current state of the load. The resulting risk of groundwater pollution by nitrogen was expressed by the formula counting with the transformed values of groundwater vulnerability index and the index of loading of overlying environment by nitrogen. From practical point of view, the above mentioned indexes, as well as the subsequent risk of diffuse groundwater pollution, were spatially expressed via three associated categories. Based on the evaluation of relevant parameters, 5.18% of agricultural land falls into the category of very high and high risk, 42.20% in the medium risk category and 52.62% in the category of low and very low risk of diffuse pollution of groundwater by nitrogen from agricultural land

Stupeň skrasovatenia horninového prostredia severného okraja Silickej planiny na základe analýzy výtokových čiar

Silická Plateau Middle Triassic carbonates are drained on the northern rim in the Slovak Karst by three karstic springs SE of Krásnohorská Dlhá Lúka municipality. These three springs were previously gauged by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute; and named; Buzgó (catalogue No. 1862), Under the quarry (No. 1861) and Under the chapel (No. 1863). Groundwater drainage is from the narrow 800 m limestone block sloping to the Čremošná Brook level; while neighboring slopes are impermeable Lower Triassic shales. The Krásnohorská Cave developed here and drains its underground stream into the Buzgó karst spring. The degree of rock karstification and the groundwater sensitivity to potential contamination were derived by recession curve analysis of the Buzgó and Pod kamenelomom springs. Turbulent flow components (sub-regimes) provide the main mechanism of groundwater runoff; with laminar flow components mathematically described by exponential equations and linked to groundwater circulation in phreatic zone fissures being less significant. This overall groundwater runoff dominance by turbulent flow components is typical of strongly developed karst with large open tectonic faults and karst channels, and it is responsible for high groundwater sensitivity to potential contamination in the limestone aquifer

MURÁNSKA PLANINA PLATEAU (S AND SW PART) - ASSESMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

Muránska Planina Plateau is an overthrusted large block of Mesozoic rocks mainly consisting of limestones and dolomites (Silica nappe), overlaying the crystalline rocks of the Kraľova hoľa complex and the metamorphosed sediments of the Struženík sequence. Muránska Planina Plateau is rich in groundwater because of its lithology (mainly permeable limestones and dolomites), extension and thickness of permeable rocks. Fa-vourable geological and geomorphological conditions cause the formation of important groundwater resources, especially near their SE margin (Muraň fault). Most of them are karst springs. The assesment of groundwa-ter resources was one of the major task of our investigation. We have used the analysis of cumulative frequency curve in order to determine the assesment of groundwater resources in the category C2 and C1